Completed Preclinical (in vivo) 1993

    In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ in rat experimental wounds

    Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, et al.

    Journal of Clinical Investigation

    DOI: 10.1172/JCI116753

    Summary

    Demonstrated that GHK-Cu2+ complex significantly stimulates connective tissue accumulation in rat wound chambers. Treatment increased total collagen content, DNA synthesis, and glycosaminoglycan deposition in wound tissue, providing early mechanistic evidence for GHK-Cu's wound healing properties.

    Key Findings

    • GHK-Cu increased collagen, DNA, and glycosaminoglycan content in wound chambers
    • Stimulated connective tissue accumulation in a dose-dependent manner
    • Provided foundational evidence for GHK-Cu as a wound healing agent

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    Completed 2015

    GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration

    Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A.

    BioMed Research International

    Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu's role in skin regeneration, wound healing, and gene expression modulation. GHK-Cu stimulates collagen synthesis and breakdown, modulates metalloproteinase activity, attracts immune and endothelial cells, and is capable of up- and down-regulating at least 4,000 human genes. Declines with age from plasma levels of ~200 ng/mL at age 20 to ~80 ng/mL by age 60.

    • GHK-Cu modulates expression of at least 4,000 human genes involved in tissue repair and regeneration
    • Stimulates collagen, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and decorin synthesis

    DOI: 10.1155/2015/648108

    Completed 2012

    The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health

    Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A

    Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

    This review compiled evidence on the tripeptide GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) and its broad gene expression modulating effects relevant to aging. Analysis of gene expression data from the Connectivity Map revealed that GHK-Cu modulates the expression of 4,048 human genes, resetting gene expression patterns associated with disease states toward healthier profiles.

    • GHK-Cu was found to modulate 4,048 human genes at a very low concentration of 1 micromolar, approximately 31.8% of the human genome studied
    • Gene expression changes included upregulation of collagen synthesis genes, DNA repair genes, and antioxidant response genes

    DOI: 10.1155/2012/324832